Harvard Templates

Personal Communications

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Medium of Communication

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Template

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Sender/Speaker/Author (Year of communication) Medium of communication Receiever of communication, Day/Month of communication.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Kirk, 2024)

According to a telephone conversation with Kirk (2024)...

Quoting

"..." (Kirk, 2024)

According to Kirk (2024), "..."

Reference List

Kirk, J. (2024) Telephone conversation with Miranda Jones, 25 January.

Notes

Types of Communication

This template should be used for most types of communication that are not publicly accessible. This includes verbal communications by telephone or Zoom, Teams, Skype or other video call services. It also applies to written communications such as email, letter, text message or services such as Snapchat, Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp. This template should not be used for interviews. Please see the interviews template.

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Template

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Sender/Speaker/Author (Year of communication) Medium of communication Receiever of communication, Day/Month of communication.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(O'Connor, 2024)

According to O'Connor (2024)...

Quoting

"..." (O'Connor, 2024)

According to O'Connor (2024) "..."

Reference List

O'Connor, B. (2024) Teams chat with Elena Neves, 18 June.

Notes

Types of Communication

This template should be used for most types of communication that are not publicly accessible. This includes Zoom, Teams, Skype or other video call services. It also applies to services such as Snapchat, Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp. This template should not be used for interviews. Please see the interviews template.

Interviews

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Template

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Interviewee(s) (Year of interview) 'Title of the interview' (if any). Interviewed by interviewer(s), Day/Month of interview.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Belvedere, 2024).

Belvedere (2024) believes that...

Quoting

"..." (Belvedere, 2024)

According to Belvedere (2024) "..."

Reference List

Belvedere, T. (2024) 'Interview with Thomas Belvedere' Interviewed by Christine Temple, 16 February.

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Give the interviewees designations, e.g. interviewee A, and use this in your sentence, e.g.: Interviewee A stated that...

If you have included transcripts of the interviews as annexes to your work, then these can be signposted in your text, e.g.: Interviewee A (see annex A) stated that...

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

According to Interviewee A (see annex A)...

Quoting

According to Interviewee A (see annex A) "..."

Reference List

No reference entry required.

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Interviewee (Year of interview) 'Title of the interview' (if any). Interviewed by interviewer for Newspaper Title, Day/Month of interview, page numbers (if relevant).

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Pichai, 2022)

According to Pichai (2022)...

Quoting

"..." (Pichai, 2022, p. 13)

Pichai (2022, p. 13) stated that "..."

Reference List

Pichai, S. (2022) 'Tech and change'. Interviewed by Stephanie Adewale for The Guardian, 18 June. p. 13.

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Interviewee (Year of interview) 'Title of the interview' (if any). Interviewed by interviewer for Broadcast Title Television channel (if appropriate), Day/Month of interview. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Cameron, 2024)

According to Cameron (2024)...

Quoting

"..." (Cameron, 2024).

Reference List

Cameron, J. (2024) Interviewed by Roman Pearce for Newsnight BBC 2, 19 September. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/8045869.stm (Accessed: 25 September 2024).

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Template

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Interviewee (Year of interview) 'Title of the interview' (if any). Interviewed by interviewer for Broadcast Title, Day/Month of interview. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

According to Sanders (2022)...

Quoting

"..." (Sanders, 2022)

Sanders (2022) stated that "..."

Reference List

Sanders, B. (2022) Interviewed by Kirsty Wark, for BBC News, 3 March. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0hcrsnp (Accessed: 5 August 2024).