Harvard Templates

Whole Books

If you are using a screen reader to view this page, please be aware that the templates and examples contain important punctuation and formatting, such as commas, full stops, uppercase text and italics, that are a vital part of referencing. You may need to change the punctuation settings and other settings on your screen reader software in order to correctly hear this information. It may work best to turn on an indication for capital letters and to navigate the templates one character at a time to ensure that all punctuation and capital letters are announced correctly. If you have any problems with this, please contact the library.

By Number of Authors

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Author (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing/Summarising

(Cottrell, 2023)

Cottrell (2023) suggests that ...

Quoting

"..." (Cottrell, 2023, p. 25)

According to Cottrell (2023, p. 25) "..."

Reference List

Cottrell, S. (2023) Critical thinking skills. 4th edn. London: Bloomsbury.

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

First Author and Second Author (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Wang and Tietjen, 2023)

Wang and Teitjen (2023) suggest that ...

Quoting

"..." (Wang and Tietjen, 2023, p. 46)

According to Wang and Tietjen (2023, p. 46) "..."

Reference List

Wang, K. and Tietjen, J. (2023) Women in renewable energy. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

First Author, Second Author and Third Author (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Dimond, Griffith and Downie, 2019)

Dimond, Griffith and Downie (2019) suggest that ...

Quoting

"..." (Dimond, Griffith and Downie, 2019, p. 82)

According to Dimond, Griffith and Downie (2019, p. 82) "..."

Reference List

Dimond, B., Griffith, R. and Dowie, I. (2019) Dimond's legal aspects of nursing: a definitive guide to law for nurses. 8th edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

First Author et al. (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Collinson et al., 2020)

Collinson et al. (2020) suggest that ...

Quoting

"..." (Collinson et al., 2020, p. 242)

According to Collinson et al. (2020, p. 242) "..."

Reference List

Collinson, S. et al. (2020) International business. 8th edn. Hoboken, NJ: Pearson.

By Type of Author

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Organisation(s) (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Department of Health and Social Care, 2021)

The Department of Health and Social Care (2021) suggest that ...

Quoting

"..." (Department of Health and Social Care, 2021, p. 276)

According to The Department of Health and Social Care (2021, p. 276) "..."

Reference List

Department of Health and Social Care (2021) Transforming the public health system. London: Department of Health and Social Care.

Notes

E-books

If an ebook has all the same details as a print book, including publication information and page numbers, then the reference is no different to a print book. This will be the case for the majority of ebooks and there is no requirement to include the URL. A separate template will be made available for ebooks that are only available online.

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Title of book (Year of publication) Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Children's illustrated treasury of knowledge, 2013)

A section from the Children's illustrated treasury of knowledge (2013) suggests that...

Quoting

"..." (Children's illustrated treasury of knowledge, 2013, p. 87)

According to the Children's illustrated treasury of knowledge (2013, p. 87) "..."

Reference List

Children's illustrated treasury of knowldege (2013) London: BPI Worldwide.

Notes

If you cannot find a named author or editor of a book, check for an organisational author and, if found, use the Books by an Organisation template. Where there is no named or organisational author then use the format in this template. The title of the work is placed first in both the citation and the reference list entry.

Other Publications

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Author(s) (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Remarque, 1974)

Remarque (1974) suggests that...

Quoting

"..." (Remarque, 1974, p. 163)

According to Remarque (1974, p. 163) "..."

Reference List

Remarque, E.M. (1974) Im westen nichts neues. Berlin: Ullstein.

Notes

When referencing a book in its original language, you should give the title exactly as it is shown in the book. If you are referencing a book that has been translated into English then please use the Translations template.

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Author(s) (Year of publication) Title. Edition (if not the first). Translated from original language by Translator. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Eunyoung, 2021)

Eunyoung (2021) suggests that...

Quoting

"..." (Eunyoung, 2021, p. 57)

According to Eunyoung (2021, p. 57) "..."

Reference List

Eunyoung, C. (2021) Shoko's smile. Translated from Korean by S. Ryu. London: Penguin.

Notes

You should reference the translation that you have read and not the original work. This includes giving the publication date of the translated work and not the publication date of the original work.

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Author(s) (Year of original publication) Title. Reprint, Place of publication: Publisher, Year of reprint.

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Gaarder, 1991)

Gaarder (1991) suggests that…

Quoting

"..." (Gaarder, 1991, p. 82)

According to Gaarder (1991, p. 82) "..."

Reference List

Gaarder, J. (1991) Sophie's world. Reprint, London: Orion, 2015.

Notes

The publication statement on a book can sometimes say that it is a 'reprint'. This usually means that the book has been printed again at a later date but no changes have been made. Reprints are often made for older books that have been out of print or if a book has been very popular and has required a new print run. This is different to an edition, which usually means that changes have been made. Later editions of books should be referenced using the 'By number of author' templates on this page.

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Author(s) (if available) Title of comic. Other contributors (Letterer, Artists, Painter - if available). (Year of publication). Day, month, issue number (use the details that are given). Available at: URL or app name (Accessed: date).

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Beano, 2024)

The Beano comic (2024) showed that...

Quoting

(Beano, 2024, p. 2)

The Beano comic (2024, p. 2) showed that...

Reference List

Beano (2024) 17 June. Available at: PressReader (Accessed: 18 June 2024).

Notes

Graphic novels are referenced as books. Follow the Authored Books templates.

Whole issues of comics should be referenced using the template on this page. Individual Comic strips should be referenced using the separate template.

If the comic was read in print format then do not include the URL, App name or accessed date.

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Title of comic strip', Title of comic, Day, month, issue number, page (use the elements that are given). Available at: URL or app name (Accessed: date).

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

...(Trudeau, 2023)

According to Trudeau (2023) ...

Quoting

"..." (Trudeau, 2023, p. 3)

Trudeau (2023, p. 3) has his character state "..."

Reference List

Trudeau, G. (2023) 'Doonesbury', The Guardian, 30 November. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/picture/2023/dec/01/garry-trudeaus-doonesbury (Accessed: 12 December 2023).

Notes

This template should be used for individual comic strips. Whole graphic novels or comics should be referenced using the separate templates.

If the comic strip was read in print format then do not include the URL or App name and accessed date.

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Author(s) (Year of publication) Title of exhibition. Location and date(s) of exhibition [Exhibition catalogue]. Place of publication: Publisher (if available).

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Joll, 1977)

Joll (1977) suggests that...

Quoting

"..." (Joll, 1977, p. 4)

According to Joll (1977, p. 4) "..."

Reference List

Joll, E. (1977) Turner: a special loan exhibition of 20 rarely seen paintings. Exhibition held at the Tate Gallery, London 1974-1975 [Exhibition catalogue]. London: Tate Gallery.

Notes

Electronic Books

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, inluding text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Author(s) (Year of publication) Title. Available at: DOI

or

Author(s) (Year of publication) Title. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Betts, 1916)

Betts (1916) suggests that...

Quoting

"..." (Betts, 1916, p. 436)

According to Betts (1916, p. 436) "..."

Reference List

Betts, G (1916) The mind and its education. Available at: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/20220/pg20220-images.html (Accessed: 26 February 2024).

Notes

If an e-book has all the same details as a print book, including publication information and page numbers, then the reference is no different to a print book. This will be the case for the majority of e-books and there is no requirement to include the URL

On some e-readers or personal devices the standard pagination may not be available so you can use the platform location indicators in the citation if quoting - e.g. percentage in place of the page number.

You can copy this URL to share a direct link to this referencing template:

Template

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting (CAPITALS, italics), and any punctuation.

Author(s) (Year of publication) Title. Available at: DOI

or

Author(s) (Year of publication) Title. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Example

Citation
Paraphrasing / Summarising

...(Smith, 2022)

According to Smith (2022)...

Quoting

Page numbers are not available in audio books. The citation example should be the same as for paraphrasing.

Reference List

Smith, J. (2022) Why has nobody told me this before? Available at: https://www.audible.co.uk/pd/Why-Has-Nobody-Told-Me-This-Before-Audiobook/1405951508?action_code=ASSGB149080119000H&share_location=pdp (Accessed: 25 March 2024).